John Whiteman Mansion Story the Gatesman Think Again

Robert Gates
22nd U.s. Secretary of Defence force
In role December eighteen, 2006 – July one, 2011
President	George West. Bush-league Barack Obama
Deputy	Gordon England William Lynn
Preceded by	Donald Rumsfeld
Succeeded by	Leon Panetta
22nd President of Texas A&M University
In role Baronial 1, 2002 – December 16, 2006
Preceded past	Ray 1000. Bowen
Succeeded by	Eddie J. Davis
15th Manager of Central Intelligence
In office November 6, 1991 – January twenty, 1993
President	George H. W. Bush
Deputy	Richard Kerr Bill Studeman
Preceded by	William Webster
Succeeded by	James Woolsey
Deputy National Security Advisor
In office March twenty, 1989 – November 6, 1991
President	George H. W. Bush-league
Preceded by	John Negroponte
Succeeded by	Jonathan Howe
16th Deputy Director of Key Intelligence
In role April 18, 1986 – March 20, 1989
President	Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush
Preceded by	John McMahon
Succeeded past	Richard Kerr
Personal details
Born	Robert Michael Gates September 25, 1943(1943-09-25) (age79) Wichita, Kansas
Political party	Republican Party[1]
Spouse(south)	Becky Gates
Alma mater	College of William & Mary (B.A.) Indiana Academy (Principal of Arts) Georgetown Academy (Ph.D.)
Signature
Armed services service
Service/co-operative	United states Air Force
Years of service	1967–1969
Rank	2nd Lieutenant

Robert Michael Gates (built-in September 25, 1943) is a retired ceremonious servant and university president who served every bit the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense from 2006 to 2011. Prior to this, Gates served for 26 years in the Fundamental Intelligence Bureau and the National Security Quango, and under President George H. West. Bush every bit Director of Central Intelligence. Gates was too an officer in the United States Air Force and during the early part of his military career, he was recruited by the CIA.^{[two] [three]} After leaving the CIA, Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates also served as a member of the Iraq Study Group, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker 3 and Lee H. Hamilton, that has studied the Iraq War. He was also the first pick to serve as the starting time Manager of National Intelligence (DNI), only he declined the appointment in order to remain President of Texas A&1000 Academy.^[iv]

Gates accepted the nomination for Secretary of Defense force on November eight, 2006, replacing Donald Rumsfeld. He was confirmed with bipartisan support.^[five] In a 2007 contour written by old National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, Fourth dimension magazine named Gates one of the year'south most influential people.^[5] In 2008, Gates was named 1 of America's Best Leaders by U.S. News & Globe Study.^[6] He continued to serve as Secretary of Defense force in President Barack Obama's administration.^[7] Gates announced in August 2010 that he planned to retire in 2011, and President Barack Obama announced in April 2011 that he would be replaced by CIA managing director Leon Panetta.^{[8] [9]} "He'll be remembered for making usa aware of the danger of over-reliance on military intervention equally an instrument of American foreign policy," said sometime Senator David 50. Boren.^[10] Gates was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation'due south highest noncombatant award, by President Obama during his retirement anniversary.^[xi] On September 6, 2011, Gates was named to be 24th Chancellor of The College of William and Mary; he succeeded Sandra Day O'Connor on February 3, 2012.^[12]

Contents

• ane Early life and instruction
• 2 Intelligence career
  • 2.1 Positions
  • 2.ii Director of Cardinal Intelligence
  • ii.3 Level of involvement in the Iran-Contra scandal
• three Career afterwards leaving the CIA
  • three.1 1993–1999
  • iii.2 Texas A&M
  • 3.3 Corporate boards
  • 3.four Public service
  • iii.5 Declined engagement as Director of National Intelligence
• 4 Secretary of Defense force
  • iv.1 Bush Administration
    • iv.one.1 Walter Reed Medical Center scandal
    • four.one.2 Controversy over Articulation Chiefs
    • four.1.3 Misshipments of nuclear weapons
  • four.2 Obama Administration
    • 4.2.one Fiscal restraint
    • 4.2.2 NATO comments
• 5 Post Obama administration
  • 5.1 Appointment as 24th Chancellor at the College of William and Mary
  • v.2 Elected to Board of Directors, Starbucks Corporation
• half-dozen Criticism
• 7 Awards and decorations
• 8 Notes
• nine References
• x Further reading
• xi External links

Early life and pedagogy

Gates was born in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Isabel 5. (née Goss) and Melville A. "Mel" Gates.^[xiii] Gates attained the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) and received the Distinguished Hawkeye Scout Honour from the BSA as an developed.^{[xiv] [15]} He graduated from Wichita High School East in 1961.^[16] Gates is also a Vigil Honor member within the Order of the Pointer, Scouting's National Honor Society.

Gates then received a scholarship to nourish the College of William and Mary, graduating in 1965 with a B.A. in history. At William & Mary, Gates was an active fellow member and president of the Alpha Phi Omega (national service fraternity) chapter and the Young Republicans; he was too the business manager for the William and Mary Review, a literary and fine art mag.^[12] At his William & Mary graduation anniversary, Gates received the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award naming him the graduate who "has fabricated the greatest contribution to his fellow man".^[12]

Gates then received an Master of Arts in history from Indiana Academy in 1966. He completed his Ph.D. in Russian and Soviet history from Georgetown University in 1974. The title of his Georgetown doctoral dissertation is "Soviet Sinology: An Untapped Source for Kremlin Views and Disputes Relating to Gimmicky Events in China"^[17] and is available from University Microfilms International as document number 7421652. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from both William & Mary (1998) and the University of Oklahoma (2011).^{[18] [19]}

He married his wife Becky on January 7, 1967.^[20] They have two children.

Intelligence career

Positions

While at Indiana University, Gates was recruited by the Central Intelligence Bureau and joined in 1966.^[21] On January four, 1967, he was commissioned as a 2d lieutenant in the Usa Air Force later attending Officer Training School under CIA sponsorship.^{[twenty] [21]} From 1967 to 1969, he was assigned to the Strategic Air Command as an intelligence officer, which included a yr at Whiteman Air Force Base in Missouri, where he delivered intelligence briefings to Intercontinental Ballistic Missile crews.^[22] After fulfilling his armed services obligation, he rejoined the CIA as an intelligence analyst.^[23]

Gates left the CIA in 1974 to serve on the staff of the National Security Council. He returned to the CIA in late 1979, serving briefly as the managing director of the Strategic Evaluation Center, Role of Strategic Enquiry. He was named the Manager of the DCI/DDCI Executive Staff in 1981, Deputy Director for Intelligence in 1982, and Deputy Managing director of Central Intelligence from Apr eighteen, 1986 to March 20, 1989.

Manager of Key Intelligence

Gates while Director of Central Intelligence.

Gates was Deputy Banana to the President for National Security Affairs from March until August 1989, and was Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Adviser from Baronial 1989 until November 1991.

Gates was nominated to become the Managing director of Primal Intelligence (caput of the CIA) in early 1987. He withdrew his name after it became clear the Senate would reject the nomination due to controversy well-nigh his role in the Iran-Contra affair.

Gates was nominated, for the second fourth dimension, for the position of Director of Key Intelligence by President George H. West. Bush on May 14, 1991, confirmed by the Senate on November 5, and sworn in on November 6, condign the only career officer in the CIA's history (as of 2005) to rise from entry-level employee to Manager.

During a Senate committee hearing on his nomination, old division principal Melvin A. Goodman testified that the agency was the most corrupt and slanted during the tenure of William Casey with Gates serving as Deputy. Co-ordinate to Goodman, Gates was function of an agency leadership that proliferated false data and ignored 'reality'. National Intelligence Council chairman Harold P. Ford testified that during his tenure, Gates had transgressed professional boundaries.^[24]

Deputy Directors during his tenure were Richard J. Kerr (from November 6, 1991 until March 2, 1992) and Adm. William O. Studeman (from April 9, 1992 through the residue of Gates' tenure). He served until 1993.

Level of involvement in the Iran-Contra scandal

Considering of his senior status in the CIA, Gates was close to many figures who played significant roles in the Iran-Contra Affair and was in a position to have known of their activities. In 1984, as deputy manager of CIA, Gates advocated that the U.S. initiate a bombing campaign against Nicaragua and that the U.Southward. practise everything in its ability curt of direct military invasion of the land to remove the Sandinista government.^[25] The evidence developed by Independent Counsel did non warrant indictment of Gates for his Iran-Contra activities or his responses to official inquiries.

Gates was an early subject area of Independent Counsel's investigation, only the investigation of Gates intensified in the bound of 1991 as office of a larger research into the Islamic republic of iran/contra activities of CIA officials. This investigation received an additional impetus in May 1991, when President George H.Due west. Bush-league nominated Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). The chairman and vice chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) requested, in a letter to the Independent Counsel on May fifteen, 1991, whatever data that would "significantly bear on the fitness" of Gates for the CIA post.

Gates consistently testified that he first heard on October 1, 1986, from Charles Due east. Allen, the national intelligence officer who was closest to the Iran initiative, that proceeds from the Islamic republic of iran arms sales may accept been diverted to back up the Contras. Other evidence proves, notwithstanding, that Gates received a study on the diversion during the summer of 1986 from DDI Richard Kerr.^[26] The issue was whether the Independent Counsel could testify beyond a reasonable doubt that Gates was deliberately not telling the truth when he later claimed not to have remembered any reference to the diversion earlier meeting with Allen in October.

Grand jury secrecy rules hampered Contained Counsel'southward response. Nevertheless, in social club to reply questions about Gates' prior testimony, Independent Counsel accelerated his investigation of Gates in the summer of 1991. This investigation was substantially completed by September 3, 1991, at which fourth dimension Independent Counsel determined that Gates' Islamic republic of iran-Contra activities and testimony did non warrant prosecution.

Independent Counsel made this decision subject to developments that could have warranted reopening his inquiry, including testimony past Clair Due east. George, the CIA'south erstwhile deputy managing director for operations. At the time Contained Counsel reached this determination, the possibility remained that George could take provided data warranting reconsideration of Gates' condition in the investigation. George refused to cooperate with Independent Counsel and was indicted on September 19, 1991. George subpoenaed Gates to testify as a defence force witness at George'south first trial in the summertime of 1994, simply Gates was never called.

The final written report of the Independent Counsel for Iran-Contra Scandal, issued on August iv, 1993, said that Gates "was shut to many figures who played meaning roles in the Islamic republic of iran/contra matter and was in a position to take known of their activities. The evidence developed by Contained Counsel did not warrant indictment..."^[27]

Career after leaving the CIA

1993–1999

This biographical commodity. Needs additional citations for verification.

Later retiring from the CIA in 1993, Gates worked as an academic and lecturer. He evaluated student theses for the International Studies Program of the University of Washington. He lectured at Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins, Vanderbilt, Georgetown, Indiana, Louisiana State, Oklahoma, and the College of William and Mary. Gates served as a member of the Lath of Visitors of the University of Oklahoma International Programs Center and a trustee of the endowment fund for the College of William and Mary, his alma mater, which in 1998 conferred upon him honorary caste of Doctor of Humane Letters.

In 1996, Gates' autobiography, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War, was published. Gates has likewise written numerous articles on government and foreign policy and has been a frequent contributor to the op-ed page of The New York Times.^[28]

Gates at Texas A&M

Texas A&M

Gates was the interim Dean of the George Bush-league School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&Thousand University from 1999 to 2001. On August ane, 2002, he became the 22nd President of Texas A&Thou. Equally the university president, Gates made significant progress in four key areas of the university's "Vision 2020" program, a plan to become 1 of the top 10 public universities by the twelvemonth 2020. The four fundamental areas include improving student diversity, increasing the size of the faculty, edifice new academic facilities, and enriching the undergraduate and graduate education feel.^[29] During his tenure, Gates encouraged the addition of 440 new faculty positions and a $300 million campus construction plan, and saw increases in minority enrollment. On February ii, 2007, Gates was conferred the championship of President Emeritus by unanimous vote of the Texas A&Thou Academy Organization Board of Regents. Gates and his wife Becky received honorary doctoral degrees from Texas A&M on August 10, 2007.^[30]

Gates returned to Texas A&M on April 21, 2009, as the speaker for the annual Aggie Muster ceremony. He is i of but 6 speakers not to be a graduate of Texas A&Yard University since Dwight D. Eisenhower spoke in 1946.^[31] In his amalgamation with A&One thousand, Gates has served on the National Security Higher Instruction Informational Board.^[32]

Corporate boards

Gates has been a member of the board of trustees of Fidelity Investments, and on the board of directors of NACCO Industries, Inc., Brinker International, Inc., Parker Drilling Company, Science Applications International Corporation, and VoteHere, a technology company which sought to provide cryptography and computer software security for the electronic ballot industry.^[33] Following his nomination, a White House spokeswoman said that Gates planned to sell all the stock he owns in private companies and sever all ties with them if confirmed by the Senate.^[34]

Public service

Gates is a former president of the National Eagle Scout Association.^[35]

In January 2004, Gates co-chaired a Quango on Foreign Relations job force on U.S. relations towards Islamic republic of iran. Among the chore forcefulness's primary recommendation was to straight engage Iran on a diplomatic level regarding Iranian nuclear technology. Key points included a negotiated position that would permit Iran to develop its nuclear program in exchange for a commitment from Iran to apply the plan only for peaceful means.^[36]

At the time of his nomination by President George Due west. Bush to the position of Secretarial assistant of Defense, Gates was also a member of the Iraq Study Group, also called the Bakery Commission, which was expected to event its written report in November 2006, following the mid-term election on November 7. He was replaced by erstwhile Secretary of Country Lawrence Eagleburger.

Declined appointment as Director of National Intelligence

In Feb 2005, Gates wrote in a bulletin posted on his schoolhouse's website that "there seems to be a growing number of rumors in the media and around campus that I am leaving Texas A&M to become the new managing director of national intelligence in Washington, D.C." The message said that "To put the rumors to residual, I was indeed asked to have the position, wrestled with perhaps the most difficult—and close—decision of my life, and terminal week declined the position."^[37]

Gates committed to remain as President of Texas A&M University through the summertime of 2008; President George W. Bush-league offered the position of United states Director of National Intelligence (DNI) to John Negroponte, who accustomed.^[38]

Gates said in a 2005 discussion with the academy'south Academy for Future International Leaders that he had tentatively decided to have the DNI position out of a sense of duty and had written an email that would be sent to students during the press briefing to denote his decision, explaining that he was leaving to serve the U.South. again. Gates, nevertheless, took the weekend to consider what his final decision should exist, and ultimately decided that he was unwilling to return to Washington, D.C., in any capacity merely because he "had goose egg to expect frontwards to in D.C. and enough to wait forward to at A&K".^[39]

Secretary of Defense force

Photo whilst Defence Secretary

Bush Administration

Gates being sworn in as Defense Secretarial assistant on December 18, 2006.

On Nov 8, 2006, after the 2006 midterm election, President George W. Bush appear his intent to nominate Gates to succeed the resigning Donald Rumsfeld as U.S. Secretary of Defense.^{[40] [41]}

Gates was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate Armed services Committee on December v, 2006. During his confirmation hearing on December 5, 2006, Gates replied to a question that in his opinion the United States was neither winning nor losing the war in Iraq.^[42] The next twenty-four hour period, Gates was confirmed by the full Senate by a margin of 95–ii, with Republican Senators Rick Santorum and Jim Bunning casting the two dissenting votes and senators Elizabeth Dole, Evan Bayh, and Joe Biden not voting.^[43] On December 18, 2006, Gates was sworn in every bit Secretary of Defence force by White House Chief of Staff Josh Bolten at a private White Firm ceremony and then by Vice President Dick Cheney at the Pentagon.^[44]

Gates with Japan Government minister of Defense Shigeru Ishiba at Japan in November 2007.

Under the Bush assistants, Gates directed the war in Iraq'due south troop surge, a marked change in tactics from his predecessor. With violence on the pass up in Iraq, in 2008, Gates also began the troop withdrawal of Iraq, a policy continued into the Obama assistants.

Usa Secretary of Defense Robert Gates gives a gig 'em with a group of Aggie Marines at Campsite Fallujah, Iraq

Walter Reed Medical Centre scandal

Several months later his appointment, The Washington Postal service published a series of articles kickoff February 18, 2007 that brought to the spotlight the Walter Reed Regular army Medical Center fail scandal.^[45] Equally a effect of the fallout from the incident, Gates announced the removal of Secretary of the Army Francis J. Harvey, and after, he approved the removal of Ground forces Surgeon General Kevin C. Kiley.^[46]

Controversy over Joint Chiefs

On June 8, 2007, Gates announced that he would non recommend the renomination of Peter Step, the Chairman of Articulation Chiefs of Staff, due to anticipated difficulties with the confirmation process. Instead, Gates recommended Mike Mullen, the Main of Naval Operations at the time, to fill the position. Gates stated: "I am no stranger to contentious confirmations, and I practice not shrink from them. However, I have decided that at this moment in our history, the nation, our men and women in compatible, and Full general Stride himself would not be well-served by a divisive ordeal in selecting the adjacent chairman of the Articulation Chiefs of Staff." Gates referred to Footstep every bit a friend and praised his service as a Marine.^[47]

Misshipments of nuclear weapons

On June five, 2008, in response to the findings on Air Force misshipments of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons components, Gates announced the resignations of Secretarial assistant of the Air Force Michael Wynne and Air Force Chief of Staff Michael Moseley.^[48]

Obama Administration

Gates with Israeli Minister of Defense Ehud Barak at the Pentagon in 2009.

On December i, 2008, President-elect Obama appear that Robert Gates would remain in his position as Secretarial assistant of Defense during his assistants,^[vii] reportedly for at to the lowest degree the commencement year of Obama's presidency.^[49] Gates was the fourteenth Cabinet fellow member in history to serve under two Presidents of unlike parties, and the first to practice so every bit Secretary of Defense. Ane of the showtime priorities under President Barack Obama'due south administration for Gates was a review of U.Southward. policy and strategy in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan.^[fifty] Gates, sixth in the presidential line of succession, was selected as designated survivor during Obama'southward inauguration.^[51] On March i, 2009, he told David Gregory on Encounter the Printing that he would not commit to how long he would serve equally Secretary of Defense force only implied that he would not serve the entire kickoff term.^[52]

While Gates continued the troop withdrawals in Republic of iraq, which already had begun in the Bush administration, he also implemented a rapid, limited surge of troops in Afghanistan in 2009.^[53] Robert Gates removed General David D. McKiernan from command in Afghanistan on May vi, 2009^{[54] [55]} and replaced him with General Stanley A. McChrystal. The Washington Post called information technology "a rare determination to remove a wartime commander". The Washington Post described the replacement as i of several replacements of Generals who represented the "traditional Army" with Generals "who have pressed for the use of counter-insurgency tactics".^[54]

In December 2009 Gates visited Afghanistan post-obit President Barack Obama's announcement of the deployment of 30,000 additional personnel against the Taliban insurgency.^[56]

Gates with Afghan president Hamid Karzai in March 2011

Time magazine notes that Gates and U.S. Secretary of Land Hillary Clinton have "forged a formidable partnership", speaking oft, "comparison notes before they go to the White House", meeting with each other weekly and having lunch in one case a month at either the Pentagon or the Country Department.^[57]

In a March 2010 speech to a NATO conference in Washington, Secretary Gates said that "The demilitarization of Europe—where large swaths of the general public and political class are balky to military machine force and the risks that become with information technology—has gone from a blessing in the 20th century to an impediment to achieving real security and lasting peace in the 21st".^[58]

Gates announced in February 2010 that the department would elevator its ban on women serving on submarines.^[59] Gates is also preparing the armed forces for the repeal of the don't ask, don't tell policy. When implemented, homosexuals will be able to serve in the armed forces openly.^[60] In service of that goal, he announced in late March 2010 the blessing of new regulations that would brand it more difficult to kick gays out of the military. Gates called the guideline changes, which went into effect immediately, a matter of "common sense and mutual decency" that would be "an important comeback" assuasive the Pentagon to apply electric current law in "a fairer and more appropriate" mode, until Congress repeals the law ordinarily known as "don't enquire, don't tell." The Pentagon's legal counsel, Jeh Johnson, said the new regulations are by no means a moratorium on the current law and stressed that cases would move forward under the new standards.^[61]

Gates sitting with Obama, Biden, and the U.S. national security team gathered in the State of affairs Room to monitor the progress of Operation Neptune Spear.

Gates was photographed in the White House State of affairs Room photograph taken on May one, 2011 by Pete Souza.

In August 2010, speaking to Foreign Policy mag Secretarial assistant Gates said that he would remain as Secretary of Defense until 2011 and and then retire. "I think that it would be a fault to wait until January 2012," he said. "This is non the kind of job you want to fill in the leap of an election twelvemonth."^{[62] [63]}

Gates officially retired every bit Secretary of Defence force on July 1, 2011 and was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, past President Obama during his retirement ceremony.^[11]

Fiscal restraint

Gates' tenure with the Obama administration has included a huge shift in military spending. In April 2009, Gates proposed a large shift in upkeep priorities in the U.Southward. Department of Defense force 2010 budget. The budget cuts many programs geared toward conventional warfare such as the terminate of new orders of the F-22 Raptor and further development of Time to come Combat Systems manned vehicles, but increases funding for programs like the special forces.^[64] Gates chosen this the "nation's first truly 21st century defense budget."^[65] In belatedly April 2010, he suggested the Navy cease funding development of a new multibillion-dollar ballistic missile submarine programme on the grounds of cost and relevancy.^[66] He has suggested the hundreds of billions of dollars would be ameliorate spent on a new generation of vessels tailored to the threats and tactics more likely to be faced, noting, "Mark my words, the Navy and Marine Corps must be willing to re-examine and question bones assumptions in calorie-free of evolving technologies, new threats and budget realities."^[67] In a voice communication fabricated on May 8, 2010, Gates stated that he would make politically unpopular cuts to the Pentagon bureaucracy in his future budgets.^{[68] [69]}

"The attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, opened a gusher of defense spending that virtually doubled the base of operations budget over the last decade. . . Military spending on things big and small tin and should expect closer, harsher scrutiny. The gusher has been turned off, and volition stay off for a expert period of time."^{[68] [69]}

Information technology was announced in August 2010 that Gates is trying to notice $100 billion in Defence force savings over the adjacent five years in order to instill a "culture of savings and restraint" in the military. Secretarial assistant Gates said that "It is important that we not repeat the mistakes of the past, where tough economic times or the winding downwards of a military campaign leads to steep and unwise reductions in defense," Gates said "As a matter of principle and political reality, the Department of Defence force cannot expect America'due south elected representatives to corroborate budget increases each yr unless we are doing a good job, indeed everything possible, to make every dollar count."^[70] These cuts include the closing of Joint Forces Control, fifty general and admirals, and the removal of 150 senior civilian positions.

On January 16, 2008, Gates was quoted in the Los Angeles Times as saying NATO forces in southern Afghanistan practise not know how to properly gainsay a guerrilla insurgency and that could be contributing to rising violence in the country.^[71] Holland^[72] and U.k.^[73] protested.

In a June 10, 2011 speech in Brussels,^[74] before NATO, Gates again stated that other NATO members must do more as the U.s. tackles its upkeep deficit. He said bluntly that

In the past, I've worried openly well-nigh NATO turning into a 2-tiered alliance: Betwixt members who specialize in "soft" humanitarian, evolution, peacekeeping and talking tasks, and those conducting the "difficult" gainsay missions. Betwixt those willing and able to pay the cost and conduct the burdens of brotherhood commitments, and those who enjoy the benefits of NATO membership—be they security guarantees or headquarters billets—but don't desire to share the risks and the costs. This is no longer a hypothetical worry. Nosotros are there today. And it is unacceptable. The blunt reality is that there volition be dwindling appetite and patience in the U.S. Congress—and in the American body politic writ large—to expend increasingly precious funds on behalf of nations that are patently unwilling to devote the necessary resources or make the necessary changes to exist serious and capable partners in their ain defense. Nations manifestly willing and eager for American taxpayers to assume the growing security brunt left by reductions in European defence budgets. Indeed, if electric current trends in the refuse of European defense capabilities are not halted and reversed, future U.S. political leaders—those for whom the Cold War was non the formative feel that information technology was for me—may not consider the return on America's investment in NATO worth the cost.

^[75]

Post Obama administration

Appointment equally 24th Chancellor at the College of William and Mary

On September 6, 2011 information technology was appear that Gates accustomed the position of Chancellor at the College of William and Mary, succeeding Sandra 24-hour interval O'Connor. He took the office of the Chancellor on February 3, 2012.

Elected to Board of Directors, Starbucks Corporation

On May 2, 2012, Starbucks Corporation (NASDAQ:SBUX) announced that Robert M. Gates, former U.South. Secretary of Defense and current chancellor of the Higher of William & Mary, was elected to the Starbucks Lath of Directors. He will serve on the Board's Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.^[76]

Criticism

Gates responds to a question during the Senate Armed Services Committee hearing on December five, 2006

As deputy director and managing director of America's leading intelligence agency for many years, Gates and his CIA staff have been faulted for declining to accurately estimate the decline and disintegration of the Soviet Wedlock. More specially, Gates has been criticized for allegedly concocting show to testify that the Soviet Union was stronger than it really was.^[77] Also, co-ordinate to Newsweek, Gates, every bit deputy director of CIA, allegedly vouched for the comprehensiveness of a CIA study presented to the Senate and President Reagan alleging that the Soviet Union played a function in the 1981 shooting of Pope John Paul Ii. A CIA internal review afterwards denounced the report every bit beingness skewed,^[77] merely that Gates did not endeavor to influence the written report's conclusions.^[78]

Soon subsequently his retirement from his tenure as Defense Secretarial assistant in Summertime 2011, during a meeting of the National Security Council Principals Committee, Gates highlighted many of the measures taken past the U.Due south. to advance Israel's security during the Obama Administration, including providing access to state of the art weaponry, assisting with the development of missile-defence force systems, and sharing high-level intelligence, before expressing his view that the U.Southward. has received null in return from the Israeli regime with regards to the peace process. Co-ordinate to senior U.Due south. assistants sources, other officials present offered no rebuttal to Gates' analysis. This was non the first fourth dimension Gates publicly expressed frustration with the Netanyahu government, to which he had worked hard to provide wide-scale and deep war machine cooperation.^[79] The Likud party of Israel responded to Gates' clarification of Benjamin Netanyahu as a danger to State of israel'south future past claiming that near Israelis support the prime minister.^[80]

Awards and decorations

Gates, right, escorts Romanian Minister of Defense Teodor Meleşcanu through an honor cordon into the Pentagon September 24, 2008, to talk about bilateral defense issues.

Gates' awards and decorations include:

Authorities awards

• Presidential Medal of Freedom^[81]
• Presidential Citizens Medal
• National Security Medal
• National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal (ii awards)
• Distinguished Intelligence Medal (3 awards)

Other awards

• Eagle Picket
• Distinguished Eagle Scout Honour
• Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from College of William and Mary
• Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Indiana Academy
• Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from The University of Oklahoma
• Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Yale University
• Honorary Doctorate of Laws from the University of Notre Matriarch
• Honorary Doctorate of Public Administration from The University of South Carolina^[82]
• College of William and Mary - Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award
• College of William and Mary Alumni Association - Alumni Medallion
• Corps of Cadets Hall of Honor (Beginning and merely Non-Corps Honoree) - Texas A&M University
• George Bush Honour (2007) - George Bush-league Presidential Library Foundation
• Aviation Week & Space Engineering Mag: Person of the Year 2008^[83]
• MTV Academy Man of the Year 2010^{[84] [85]}
• Foreign Policy'due south listing of top global thinkers for "beingness America's last bipartisan figure"^[86]
• Sylvanus Thayer Honor (United States Military Academy)^[87]
• Robert C. Vance Distinguished Lecturer, Central Connecticut State Academy, 2011^[88]

Notes

1. ↑ Gates is not registered with whatsoever political party, just considers himself Republican. "Gates: Armed services looks to accelerate Iraq pullout". Associated Printing. Associated Printing. Dec 1, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28022197/ . Retrieved May five, 2009.
2. ↑ Robert Gates, From The Shadows, 1996 (pp. 20-21 of Simon & Schuster 2006 paperback edition)
3. ↑ Accountability Function Urges Air Force to Re-Bid Tanker Contract
4. ↑ "Gates' Regime Intelligence Experience Runs Deep". National Public Radio. November ix, 2006. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6460623 . Retrieved November 9, 2006.
5. ↑ ^{five.0 5.1} Robert Gates Past Zbigniew Brzezinski. Time magazine. Accessed May 31, 2008.
6. ↑ "America'due south Best Leaders: Robert Gates, U.S. Secretary of Defense". http://world wide web.usnews.com/articles/news/best-leaders/2008/eleven/19/americas-best-leaders-robert-gates-united states of america-secretary-of-defence.html . Retrieved November 25, 2008.
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.i} Change.gov (Dec 1, 2008). "Key members of Obama-Biden national security team appear" (Press release). Newsroom. Role of the President-elect . http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/ . Retrieved December 1, 2008.
8. ↑ "CIA Director Leon Panetta to supercede Defense Secretary Robert Gates". CNN. April 28, 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/04/27/why.panetta/index.html?hpt=T2 . Retrieved April 27, 2011.
9. ↑ Andrew Tilghman (Baronial 16, 2010). "Gates says he'll leave Pentagon in 2011". Army Times Publishing Company. http://militarytimes.com/news/2010/08/military_gates_leaving_081610w/ . Retrieved August 16, 2010.
10. ↑ Looking Dorsum, Gates Says He's Grown Wary of 'Wars of Option', NY Times, June xviii, 2011
11. ↑ ^{11.0 xi.1} "Obama Awards Gates Presidential Medal of Freedom". American Forces Press Service via Defense.gov. June 30, 2011. http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=64526 . Retrieved June 30, 2011.
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1 12.2} Whitson, Brian (September six, 2011). "Former Defense Secretary Robert Gates '65 to Serve every bit W&M Chancellor". Higher of William & Mary Office of University Relations. pp. Front. http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2011/former-defense-secretary-robert-gates-65-to-serve-as-wm-chancellor-123.php . Retrieved September 6, 2011. Cite fault: Invalid <ref> tag; name "autogenerated1" defined multiple times with different content
13. ↑ http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/celeb/robertgates.htm
14. ↑ "Distinguished Eagle Scouts". Scouting.org. http://world wide web.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/02-529.pdf . Retrieved Nov 4, 2010.
15. ↑ Townley, Alvin (2007) [Dec 26, 2006]. Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America'due south Eagle Scouts. New York: St. Martin's Printing. pp. 217–218. ISBN 0-312-36653-i. http://www.thomasdunnebooks.com/TD_TitleDetail.aspx?ISBN=0312366531 . Retrieved Dec 29, 2006.
16. ↑ Shane, Scott (November 19, 2006). "Pentagon Option Returns to City He Gladly Left". New York Times. p. front. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/washington/19gates.html . Retrieved September 25, 2006.
17. ↑ "Soviet Sinology: An Untapped Source for Kremlin Views and Disputes Relating to Gimmicky Events in China". Academy Microfilms International document number 7421652.
18. ↑ Straszheim, Deborah (February half-dozen, 1998). "West&m Charter Mean solar day To Award Gilmore". http://articles.dailypress.com/1998-02-06/news/9802060037_1_charter-twenty-four hours-william-and-mary-honorary . Retrieved Feb 11, 2013.
19. ↑ "Five Outstanding Individuals to Receive Honorary Degrees at OU Commencement". Public Affairs University of Oklahoma. http://www.ou.edu/publicaffairs/archives/HonoraryDegree.html . Retrieved February 11, 2013.
20. ↑ ^{xx.0 20.1} Gates, Robert (Apr 21, 2008). "Secretarial assistant Gates Remarks at Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base of operations, Montgomery Alabama" (transcript). DefenseLink News. U.Due south. Section of Defense. http://world wide web.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4214 . Retrieved December 23, 2008.
21. ↑ ^{21.0 21.ane} "DefenseLink Biography: Robert M. Gates". U.Southward. Dept. of Defence force. July 2007. http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/biographydetail.aspx?biographyid=115 . Retrieved April 21, 2008.
22. ↑ Powers, Thomas (June 20, 1996). "Who Won the Cold State of war?". http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/powers.htm.
23. ↑ http://www.allgov.com/Official/Gates__Robert
24. ↑ "Ex-Aide Calls CIA Under Casey and Gates Decadent and Slanted", Paul Horvitz. New York Times. October 2, 1991. Accessed June 8, 2011
25. ↑ Los Angeles Times, Nov. 25, 2006, free archived version at http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/1125-04.htm last visited Nov. 26, 2006.
26. ↑ GlobalSecurity.org. Iran-Contra Written report, Chapter 16.
27. ↑ Lawrence E. Walsh, Final report of the independent counsel for Islamic republic of iran/Contra matters, August 4, 1993, and in detail Chapter sixteen, "Robert Grand. Gates"
28. ↑ Texas A&G press release, July 1999.
29. ↑ "Texas A&Yard Bookish Convocation 2005". President Robert M. Gates.
30. ↑ "Aggies Wrap First Week of Fall Military camp with Pair of Workouts". Texas A&Thousand University Athletic Section. Baronial eleven, 2007. http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=MFB&PRID=13187 . Retrieved August 15, 2007. ^{[ dead link ]}
31. ↑ Muster.tamu.edu
32. ↑ National Press Release, "FBI Director Appoints National Security Higher Education Advisory Board," December 15, 2005: [1].
33. ↑ Lewellen-Biddle, Marker (December 11, 2003). "Voting Machines Gone Wild!". In These Times. http://world wide web.inthesetimes.com/site/primary/article/voting_machines_gone_wild . Retrieved September 25, 2007.
34. ↑ Theimer, Sharon (December 6, 2006; 3:54 AM). "Gates' Avails Include Defense Stock". Washington Post / Associated Printing. http://world wide web.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/06/AR2006120600188.html . Retrieved September 25, 2007.
35. ↑ "NESA Mourns Loss of Eagles in Operation Iraqi Liberty". Boy Scouts of America. 2008. http://www.scouting.org/Media/ScoutingIntheNews/030802.aspx . Retrieved July 7, 2008.
36. ↑ Iran: Time for a New Approach, terminal report of an contained task force, July 2004, Council of Foreign Relations Press
37. ↑ "Gates Turns Down Bush-league Administration Position". KBTX.com. Feb 1, 2005. http://www.kbtx.com/news/headlines/1217482.html . Retrieved July 14, 2012.
38. ↑ "Bush names Negroponte intelligence chief". CNN.com. February eighteen, 2005. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060922074002/http://www.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/02/17/intelligence.chief/index.html . Retrieved November 8, 2006.
39. ↑ Esterbrook, John (November viii, 2006). "A Closer Wait At Robert Gates". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/xi/08/terror/main2163357.shtml . Retrieved February 3, 2009.
40. ↑ "Bush-league replaces Rumsfeld to go 'fresh perspective'". CNN.com. November 8, 2006. http://world wide web.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/08/rumsfeld/index.html . Retrieved November 8, 2006.
41. ↑ Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Jim Rutenberg (Nov 8, 2006). "Rumsfeld Resigns as Defence Secretary Subsequently Large Election Gains for Democrats". New York Times . http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/08/us/politics/09BUSHCND.html?hp&ex=1163048400&en=90b2a0d9c77157ea&ei=5094&partner=homepage . Retrieved November 8, 2006.
42. ↑ Jim Garamone (December 6, 2006). "Senate Confirms Gates as 22nd Defense Secretarial assistant". American Forces Press Service. http://www.defenselink.mil/News/NewsArticle.aspx?id=2330 . Retrieved December 6, 2006.
43. ↑ "Robert Gates confirmed as secretary of defense force". Associated Printing. December half dozen, 2006. http://world wide web.msnbc.msn.com/id/16068845/ . Retrieved December 6, 2006.
44. ↑ "New US defence secretary sworn in". BBC News. December 18, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/ii/hi/americas/6190279.stm . Retrieved December 18, 2006.
45. ↑ "The Other Walter Reed".
46. ↑ ".". CNN. Archived from the original on 2007-03-fourteen. http://web.annal.org/web/20070314183438/http://www.cnn.com/2007/United states/03/12/kiley.retire/index.html. ^{[ dead link ]}
47. ↑ [2]
48. ↑ "DoD News Briefing with Secretary Gates from the Pentagon". U.S. Department of Defense. June 5, 2008. http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4236 . Retrieved June 5, 2008.
49. ↑ "Gates Chiffonier Date 'A Done Bargain'" (Blog). Political Radar. ABC News. Nov 25, 2008. http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/2008/11/gates-chiffonier-a.html . Retrieved November 25, 2008.
50. ↑ Fireman, Ken; Capaccio, Tony (December 2, 2008). "Gates Says Review of Afghanistan Policy Will Be 'High Priority'" (Commodity). Worldwide News. Bloomberg. http://world wide web.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=ad9s4rYeO7d8&refer=home . Retrieved December 2, 2008.
51. ↑ CNN (January xx, 2009). "Defense Secretary Gates to be 'designated successor' Tuesday" (News article). CNN. CNN. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/01/nineteen/defense-secretary-gates-to-be-designated-successor-tuesday/ . Retrieved January 20, 2009.
52. ↑ Rueb, Emily S. (March 2, 2009). "Gates Defends Republic of iraq Withdrawal Programme". The New York Times . http://world wide web.nytimes.com/2009/03/02/us/politics/02gates.html?_r=ane&hp . Retrieved March 27, 2010.
53. ↑ "Gates confronting further surge of Us troops in Afghanistan". The Times of India. May 4, 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Globe/US/Gates-against-further-surge-of-US-troops-in-Afghanistan/articleshow/4480334.cms.
54. ↑ ^{54.0 54.1} Ann Scott Tyson (May 12, 2009). "Peak U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Is Fired". Washington Mail service. Archived from the original on May 17, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%ii%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F05%2F11%2FAR2009051101864.html&date=2009-05-17.
55. ↑ Yochi J. Dreazen, Peter Spiegel (May 12, 2009). "U.S. Fires Afghan State of war Chief: 4-Star General Replaced by Counterinsurgency Expert as Entrada Stumbles". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 17, 2009. http://world wide web.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB124206036635107351.html&date=2009-05-17.
56. ↑ "Karzai Delays Naming Chiffonier as Pentagon Chief Lands for Talks"
57. ↑ What Is Robert Gates Really Fighting For?
58. ↑ Shaping Policy past Playing Condom
59. ↑ Women Allowed on Submarines
60. ↑ "Gates: Pentagon preparing repeal of 'don't enquire, don't tell' policy - CNN.com". CNN. February 2, 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/02/02/gays.military/index.html . Retrieved May 22, 2010.
61. ↑ Gates approves new regs on gays in military
62. ↑ "Secretary of defense Robert Gates looking to retire in 2011". New York. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2010/08/16/20100816_secretary_of_defense_robert_gates_looking_to_retire_in_2011.html#ixzz0wmloPGe4. ^{[ dead link ]}
63. ↑ The Transformer
64. ↑ "Gates Announces Major Pentagon Priority Shifts." CNN, April 9, 2009. Retrieved: April 14, 2009.
65. ↑ Economic Order of Chicago
66. ↑ Defense secretarial assistant Gates confronts cost of new subs
67. ↑ Officials Question the Need For Expensive U.S. Navy Ships
68. ↑ ^{68.0 68.1} Shanker, Thom (May eight, 2010). "Gates Takes Aim at Pentagon Spending". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/us/politics/09gates.html . Retrieved May 9, 2010.
69. ↑ ^{69.0 69.1} Jaffe, Greg (May 9, 2010). "Gates: Cuts in Pentagon bureaucracy needed to help maintain military force". Washington Post. http://world wide web.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/08/AR2010050802495.html . Retrieved May 9, 2010.
70. ↑ Gates announces major job cuts every bit Pentagon looks to cut spending
71. ↑ Spiegel, Peter (January sixteen, 2008). "Gates says NATO forcefulness unable to fight guerrillas". Los Angeles Times . http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/globe/la-fg-usafghan16jan16,1,163569.story?coll=la-headlines-globe&ctrack=two&cset=true . Retrieved May 22, 2010. ^{[ dead link ]}
72. ↑ "U.S. envoy quizzed on Gates' remarks". Los Angeles Times. Jan 17, 2008. http://world wide web.latimes.com/news/nationworld/earth/la-fg-gates17jan17,1,6875867.story?coll=la-headlines-world&ctrack=one&cset=true . Retrieved May 22, 2010. ^{[ expressionless link ]}
73. ↑ Evans, Michael (Jan 17, 2008). "Outrage as The states accuses Britain of inexperience in Taleban disharmonize". The Times. London. http://www.timesonline.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland/tol/news/world/asia/article3201002.ece . Retrieved March 27, 2010.
74. ↑ The Security and Defense Agenda (Future of NATO)
75. ↑ Shanker, Thom (June 10, 2011). "Defense Secretary Warns NATO of 'Dim' Future". The New York Times. U.S.. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/11/world/europe/11gates.html?_r=one&hp . Retrieved June 10, 2011.
76. ↑ [3] Starbucks Corporate Website, May 2, 2012
77. ↑ ^{77.0 77.1} "Old Names, Former Scandals". Newsweek. November 8, 2006. http://world wide web.msnbc.msn.com/id/15627855/site/newsweek.
78. ↑ "In Rebuttal to Senate Panel, C.I.A. Nominee Seems Truthful but Incomplete". The New York Times. October xiii, 1991.
79. ↑ Bloomberg, Sept. v, 2011, "Robert Gates Says Israel Is an Ungrateful Ally: Jeffrey Goldberg," http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-06/robert-gates-says-state of israel-is-an-ungrateful-marry-jeffrey-goldberg.html
80. ↑ "Likud defends Netanyahu subsequently written report Gates called him 'ungrateful'." Haaretz Newspaper, September 6, 2011.
81. ↑ Associated Printing (June 30, 2011). "On final day as defence secretary, Obama honors Gates with Presidential Medal of Freedom". Washington Post . http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national-security/on-final-solar day-every bit-defense force-secretary-obama-honors-gates-with-presidential-medal-of-liberty/2011/06/30/AGv055rH_print.html . Retrieved June 30, 2011.
82. ↑ "12 Distinguished Figures to Join Gates as Honorary Degree Recipients". http://newsinfo.nd.edu/news/19021-12-distinguished-figures-to-join-gates-as-honorary-degree-recipients/.
83. ↑ AW & ST, January fourteen, 2013 result, p. 47
84. ↑ "Homo OF THE Twelvemonth: Secretarial assistant of Defence Robert Gates". mtvU . Viacom. Dec 29, 2010. http://world wide web.mtvu.com/on-campus/honors/man-of-the-twelvemonth-secretary-of-defense force-robert-gates/ . Retrieved December iv, 2011.
85. ↑ Martinez, Luis (Dec 23, 2010). "mtvU: Defense Secretarial assistant is a Rock Star". ABC News.com . http://abcnews.get.com/Politics/defence force-secretary-robert-gates-man-yr-award-mtvu/story?id=12468294 . Retrieved December 4, 2011.
86. ↑ "The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers". Foreign Policy. The Washington Post Company. Nov 28, 2011. http://world wide web.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/11/28/the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers?folio=0,34 . Retrieved Dec 4, 2011.
87. ↑ "Gates named recipient of 2011 Sylvanus Thayer Laurels". http://www.regular army.mil/article/53011/Gates_named_recipient_of_2011_Sylvanus_Thayer_Award/ . Retrieved March 8, 2012.
88. ↑ Newberg, Liz. (2011, November xi). Gates speaks at CCSU; Students protest. Newington Boondocks Crier, p. sixteen. Retrieved on 2013-five-29.

References

• "Biography, Robert K. Gates, President, Texas A&G University". Texas A&Chiliad University. 2003. Archived from the original on Dec twenty, 2008. http://web.archive.org/spider web/20060920100505/http://www.tamu.edu/president/biography.html.
• Clark, J. Ransom. "Directors of Key Intelligence: Robert Michael Gates (1943- ), DCI, Nov half-dozen. 1991-January. 20 1993". The Literature of Intelligence: A Bibliography of Materials, with Essays, Reviews, and Comments . http://intellit.muskingum.edu/cia_folder/ciadcis_folder/dcisgates.html.
• Gates, Robert M. (1997). From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Common cold War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83497-nine.
• Nauman, Brett (February 1, 2005). "Gates passes on intelligence czar post". The Bryan-College Station Eagle. Archived from the original on September 27, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927234236/http://world wide web.theeagle.com/aandmnews/020105gates.php.
• "Robert Gates" (biography). Spartacus Educational. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/MDgatesR.htm. ^{[ ameliorate source needed ]}
• "Robert Michael Gates". Directors & Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence. Heart for the Report of Intelligence, CIA. 2004. https://world wide web.cia.gov/csi/books/dddcia/gates.html.

Further reading

• Paul Burka, "Amanuensis of Change", Texas Monthly (November 2006)
• Robert Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War, Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition (May 7, 1997).
• Robert Gates, US Intelligence and the End of the Common cold War, 1999, CIA
• Robert Gates, Frontline The Gulf State of war: An Oral History: Interview with Robert Gates, Deputy National Security Counselor, 2001, PBS.org
• Robert Gates, A Balanced Strategy: Reprogramming the Pentagon for a New Historic period, Strange Affairs (Jan/February 2009)

External links

• Biography at the U.s.a. Department of Defence force
• Robert Gates' The ABC's of Spying
• Robert Gates' Interview with app2us.com
• DefenseLink Biography: Robert M. Gates
• Robert M. Gates, Secretary of Defense Nominee: A Bibliography at Georgetown University Constabulary Library
• The Robert Gates File—the Iran-Contra Scandal, 1991 confirmation hearings, and excerpts from new book Safe for Democracy
• Ubben Lecture at DePauw Academy
• Appearances on C-Bridge
• R collected news and commentary at The Washington Postal service
• Robert Gates collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Works by or virtually Robert Gates in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Gates on relations with China: Nov. 2007 visit, June 1, 2007
• The Reinvention of Robert Gates by Michael Crowley, The New Democracy, November nine, 2009

Government offices
Preceded by John McMahon	Deputy Managing director of Fundamental Intelligence 1986–1989	Succeeded by Richard Kerr
Preceded by William Webster	Director of Central Intelligence 1991–1993	Succeeded past James Woolsey
Political offices
Preceded past John Negroponte	Deputy National Security Adviser 1989–1991	Succeeded by Jonathan Howe
Preceded by Donald Rumsfeld	U.Due south. Secretary of Defense Served nether: George W. Bush, Barack Obama 2006–2011	Succeeded by Leon Panetta
Academic offices
Preceded past Ray Bowen	President of Texas A&M University 2002–2006	Succeeded by Eddie Davis
Preceded by Sandra Day O'Connor	Chancellor of The College of William & Mary 2012–nowadays	Incumbent

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Source: https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Robert_Gates

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